A more concerted push is required, especially from decision makers, and this push needs to be backed by more-precise data that build on existing knowledge. We already know, for example, that on a global level, girls are less likely than boys to complete their schooling — although this gender gap has nearly closed, which will enable more countries to make progress in the SDG for gender equality.
We also know that children living in some rural areas are less likely than those in urban regions to progress to secondary education, or even finish primary school. At the same time, we know which groups of children are less likely to enter school at all, or to progress from primary to higher levels of education. In general, it is those whose household incomes are low, which sometimes means children have to work to contribute to the household budget.
Other children affected include those with disabilities, those in regions experiencing conflict and those belonging to minority groups. Disadvantage in any form tends to hold children back. Furthermore, in many countries, children are not at school because there are not enough publicly funded schools of sufficient quality.
Tracking inequalities in education around the globe. But we also need data on these factors at the level of villages, towns, cities and districts, and they need to be tracked systematically so that progress can be monitored, especially in low-income countries. Such data will shine a light on which groups need the most help, allowing educational authorities — and funders — to target their efforts.
Better data must also be collected on educational achievements, known as learning outcomes. Such data are patchy and difficult to compare across countries, because there is no agreed international standard. Although in some countries, children completing primary school are expected to be able to read to a set standard, in many parts of the world they are not.
Data have already helped to achieve the gains we are seeing in primary education, but these gains came out of a strong desire to effect change. UN member states considered this unacceptable. They collected relevant national and local data, and discovered that the reasons for low attendance included malnutrition and poor provision for children in rural areas.
Decision makers responded with measures such as mobile schools, and free — or subsidized — school meals.
Such an approach can also be used to grow secondary and tertiary education. Researchers can help nations to understand more about who is not attending school and why — and then put that information into the hands of decision makers and funders. Sep 04, AM. Kent books view quotes. Jul 05, PM. Xing Hui 3 books view quotes.
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Taylor 21 books view quotes. Siblings, then, can be a mixed bag. Each kid is another person that gets to be alive and will be very likely to be glad to be alive. Sometimes, populations deviate from this replacement-level rate in a way that stresses out demographers. In many countries in central and West Africa—such as Senegal, Mali, and Cameroon—the desired family size for many young women is four to six children, says John Casterline, a demographer at Ohio State who has conducted research in the region.
This number has stayed relatively high even as people have attained higher average levels of education—a shift that, in Asia and Latin America, for instance, is usually accompanied by a shrinking of the hoped-for size of families.
One guess, Casterline says, has to do with how family is conceptualized. He said that child mortality rates in many parts of the world have declined a lot in the past few decades. Some hard-to-quantify preferences also seem to be playing a role.
Casterline remembered conducting surveys in Egypt a decade or so ago, and listening to Egyptians discuss the merits of having three children versus two. At the beginning of the 19th century, the typical married woman had seven to 10 children, but by the beginning of the 20th, that number had fallen to three. And some aspects of society are designed to work best for families of a certain size—a standard car in America, for instance, comfortably fits four people. After accounting for what a given society is like, and what a given household within that society is like, one could very well determine the optimal number of children to have.
But those considerations are less compelling and more clinical when compared with the joy people have when they see a child hold his baby sister for the first time; attend an enormous, rowdy family reunion; or plan a blissful getaway without having to worry about who will watch the children.
Those are the moments that feel truly optimal. Skip to content Site Navigation The Atlantic. Popular Latest. The Atlantic Crossword. Sign In Subscribe.
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