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Implementing Group Work in the Classroom. Preparing for group work Think carefully about how students will be physically arranged in groups. Will it be easy for groups to form and for all students to be comfortable? Also think about how the layout of your classroom will impact volume. Will students be able to hear one another clearly? How can you moderate the activity to control volume?
Talk to students about their past experiences with group work and allow them to establish some ground rules for successful collaboration. This discussion can be successfully done anonymously through the use of note cards. Feedback requested! Have you used the strategies in a Tip Sheet? Do you have questions or suggestions? Let us know! When I do not know myself, I cannot know who my students are.
I will see them through a glass darkly, in the shadows of my unexamined life — and when I cannot see them clearly, I cannot teach them well. When I do not know myself, I cannot know my subject — not at the deepest levels of embodied, personal meaning. I will know it only abstractly, from a distance, a congeries of concepts as far removed from the world as I am from personal truth. Parker Palmer 2. The emergence of the group as a focus for intervention and work within social work and informal education in Britain and north America was a slow process and initially largely wrapped up with the response of Christians, particularly evangelical Christians, to the social conditions they encountered in the late eighteenth and throughout the nineteenth century.
Their motives were often a complex mix of concern for others, the desire to bring people to Bible truths and values, and worries about the threat to order that the masses posed. There was also a growing appreciation of group process and sophistication in approach within adult education. Alongside this, the influence of progressive education as a philosophy — particularly through the work of John Dewey and William Kilpatrick — began to be felt by many practitioners see Reid a.
In the USA, courses on groupwork started to appear in the early s — and the first sustained treatments of groupwork began to appear. In particular, the work of Grace Coyle ; drawing upon her experience of settlement work, the YWCA and adult education was influential — but many others around the field such as Eduard Lindeman , Margaretta Williamson and Mary Parker Follett ; were exploring different aspects of working with groups.
There began to be a discourse around the work that transcended professional and sector boundaries. First, it was discovered that workers in a variety of agencies had a great deal in common and that the major component of that common experience lay in their experience with groups.
Out of this recognition came the widespread use of the term social group work and the development of interest groups focusing on work with groups in a number of cities.
The second discovery was that what was common to all the groups was that, in addition to the activities in which the group engaged, groups involved a network of relationships between the members and the worker, between the group as a whole and the agency and neighborhood in which the members lived.
This combination of relationships was called the group process. This second realization produced a search for deeper insights into these relationships, an attempt to describe them and to understand their dynamics. Reid a Groupwork began to be seen as a dimension of social work in north America perhaps best symbolized by it being accepted as a section at the National Conference of Social Work. As might be expected there was considerable debate around what groupwork was — and where it belonged see, for example, Lieberman Influential commentators such as Gertrude Wilson argued that group work was a core method of social work and not a field, movement, or agency.
This gathered pace during the s and was reflected in the publication of key practice texts — notably Grace L. There were those, such as Alan Klein who continued to explore the connection between groupwork and democracy — but much of the running was now being made by those working within social work and therapy. Some more generic texts around social groupwork such Phillips also appeared.
In Britain, there was some awareness of these developments — but there was very little explicit exploration of groupwork theory and practice until the early s. A number of the key figures involved in stimulating debate and exploration came from youth work — notably Peter Kuenstler at the University of Bristol. Kuenstler encouraged Grace Coyle to come to Britain to spend time with workers — and edited the first major text on social group work in Britain Kuenstler Josephine Klein was another pivotal researcher and writer.
Her books The Study of Groups and Working with Groups were major additions to the literature — and brought groups and groupwork firmly into the discourse of social work. This was helped by the attention given by the Younghusband Report Ministry of Health to social groupwork. Group work as form of social work is directed towards giving people a constructive experience of membership in a group, so that they may develop further as individuals and be better able to contribute to the life of the community.
There was also important work happening within community development — with studies of community groups Spencer and small social groups Phillips At the same time there had been an explosion in exploration and publishing in the United States. Aside from the obvious problem of scale, there are issues around categorizing material, quality many texts are are repeats of a basic how-to-do-it formula , and purpose. To make life easier I have adapted a framework used by Kenneth E.
Reid in his helpful study of the use of groups in social work and added in a more therapeutically strand. I am not very comfortable with the categories — but they do provide a way of mapping material:.
Case-focused groupwork. It is most clearly connected with social work and casework and case management. Classic examples of this literature come from Gisela Konopka , , and Paul Glasser et al. Interaction-focused groupwork. Within this category fall humanistic approaches such as those of Glassman and Kates , the social groupwork of Grace Coyle and the work of William Schwartz as his associates such as Lawrence Shulman , , Group therapy, T-groups and encounter groups.
There was a continuing growth in discussions that looked to the group as a key element in the therapeutic process — and that drew heavily upon central traditions of practice within psychotherapy e.
Allied to this was material around family therapy through which I have hardly bared to tread. Yalom Another tradition of practice that could be said to fall in this strand is that of Training groups T-groups. Lieberman , Rogers are examples of the use of groups for interpersonal learning. Social goals groupwork. See, for example Mullender and Ward and Twelvetrees , , , In recent years there has been a significant development in the discussion of therapeutic traditions of groupwork, and some limited attention to groupwork within mainstream schooling.
Benson ; Brown ; Doel Similarly, the quality of texts offered teachers and educators has been variable but one of the better examples is Jaques and Salmon Sadly, working with emergent groups, and with community groups has not had the attention it merits. This said, the growing interest in relational practice and relational social work has brought mutual aid and reciprocity back into debates see Raineri In this piece we have seen something of the development of thinking about groupwork — and explored some significant dimensions of practice.
In many respects it raises as many questions as it answers. For those concerned with informal education, social pedagogy and social action there is a considerable need to explore ways of working with groups that:.
While there are fascinating examples of practice in this area, there is a huge gap in the literature. Reid, K. The history of the use of groups in social work , Westport, Connecticut. Excellent discussion of the development of groupwork as a method within social work. Bertcher, H. Techniques for leaders and members 2e. Thousand Oaks, Ca. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Brown, Rupert Group processes: Dynamics within and between groups 2e. Oxford: WileyBlackwell. Button, Leslie Developmental group work with adolescents. London: University of London Press. Campbell, Douglas T. Cartwright, Dorwin and Alvin Zander eds. London: Tavistock Publications. Cohen, M. The personal in the political: Exploring the group work continuum from individual to social change goals. Social Work with Groups , 22 1 , Cooley, C. A study of the larger mind. New York: Scribners.
Coyle, G. A guide to the practice of leadership. New York: Harper and Brothers. Richardson and M. Wolfe eds. Learning through life. London: RoutledgeFalmer. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Follett, M.
New York: Longman, Green and Co. Glasser, P. New York: Free Press. A humanistic approach. Newbury Park, CA. Jeffs, Tony and Mark K. Smith Informal Education. Conversation, democracy and learning 4e. Educational Heretics Press. Johnson, David W. Johnson Joining Together. Group theory and group skills. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Johnson, D. New York: Pearson. Klein, Josephine Working with Groups.
The social psychology of discussion and decision. London: Hutchinson. Konopka, G. Group work will prepare you for when you become a graduate and make you immediately useful for employers.
Many companies require tasks to be completed in teams with the teams functioning to best of their abilities, for example, an engineering company recruiter says;. We subject short-listed candidates to a team working exercise in our Assessment Centres and one of the first training courses we provide for graduate recruits is on team building, covering the theory and practice of team working and the various roles of members in effective teams.
In industry our experience is that problems are solved by multidisciplinary teams and innovations have the best chance of success if implemented by multidisciplinary teams. Working in groups gives you an excellent opportunity to get to know one another. Group working is likely to become an important aspect of your working life. Central to effective group working is group dynamics, and practising group work at university may help you gain a greater understanding of the various factors that apply in a group-based scenario e.
Why work in Groups? Back to 'Metallurgy and Materials case studies '. The following points highlight the benefits of group learning: Effective learning Group working can make study more efficient and fun.
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