The purpose of an in-text citation is to give the reader a brief idea about where you found the information used in your writing. When you place a line of text, word for word called a direct quote , or an idea called a paraphrase from another source into your writing, you, the writer, must display:. The major thing to keep in mind is that whichever information you include in the in-text or parenthetical citation, whether it's the author's name or the title, it needs to match the first word in the full citation.
This is an MLA parenthetical citation as the author's name is in parentheses. Author's Last Name states, "Direct Quote" or paraphrase page number. This is an MLA citation in prose as the author's name is in the prose of your sentence.
If your in-text citation comes from a website or another source that does not have page numbers, use the following abbreviations:. Gregor's sister is quite persuasive, especially when she states to her parents, "It'll be the death of both of you, I can see it coming. We can't all work as hard as we have to and then come home to be tortured like this, we can't endure it" Kafka, ch.
The girl's affection towards Marley is clear when she blushes upon his arrival and shares that she would like to accompany him to the theater Tales of Times Ago The smaller the class size, the more attention a student receives, which greatly impacts learning Malcolm and Knowles Many lizards, including the Carolina anole, only eat when they're hungry. They'll ignore food until their body sends a signal to eat Smith et al. One study shows that the average time spent on homework is 52 minutes R.
Brown However, a more recent study, released in , found that the average student spends 42 minutes completing homework S. The basic entry for a book consists of the author's name, the book title, the publisher, and the year published. The first author's name should be reversed, with a comma after the last name and a period after the first name or any middle name. The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears on the title page.
Campbell, Megan, et al. The Best Noun Book. Books For Us, The full title of the book, including any subtitles, should be italicized and followed by a period. If the book has a subtitle, the main title should be followed by a colon unless the main title ends with a question mark or exclamation point.
Publication information can generally be found on the title page of a book. If it is not available there, it may also be found on the copyright page. State the name of the publisher. If you are citing a specific page range from the book, include the page s at the end of the citation. If you have to cite a specific edition of a book later than the first, see the section below on citing edited books.
If the translation is the focus of your project, include the translator's name at the beginning of the citation, like this:. Translator's Last name, First name, translator.
If it's not the actual translation that is the focus, but the text itself, include the translator's name in the "other contributors" position, like this:. Original Author's Last name, First name. Translated by First Name Last name. Publisher, Year published. E-books are formatted differently than print books. Some e-books have different, or extra, information than print books. In addition, e-book pages are often numbered differently.
Since the content and format may differ from print books, e-book citations are structured differently. When citing an e-book from a website, format the e-book citation with the website title and URL. Title of E-Book. Publisher, Year Published. Title of Website , URL. Rodgers, Tara. Duke UP, Title of E-book. E-Book ed.
E-book ed. Format for an e-book found on an e-reader with a file format included: Author's Last name, First name. File Format. Individual chapters are cited when a writer uses a book filled with many chapters, each written by different authors. When citing a specific chapter in a book or an anthology, structure the citation like this:.
Last name, First name of Chapter's Author. Levi-Strauss, Claude. If your book is not a first edition, you should note this in the citation. If the book is a revised edition or an edition that includes substantial new content, include the number, name, or year of the edition and the abbreviation "ed.
Author's Last name, First name, editor. Title of Book. Numbered ed. Ferraro, Gary, and Susan Andreatta, editors. Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective.
If your edited book has more than one author, refer to the directions above under the heading "Authors. Also, BibMe. Try our MLA formatter! Wondering how to cite a website in MLA? Fosslien, Liz, and Mollie West. The first author's name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name or any middle name.
The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears on the website. For a page with two or more authors, list them in the order they appear on the website. Only the first author's name should be reversed, with the others written in normal order.
Separate author names by a comma, and place the word "and" before the last author's name. For pages with three or more authors, only include the first author, followed by the abbreviation "et al.
The page title should be placed within quotation marks. Place a period after the page title within the quotation marks. The page title is followed by the name of the website, which is italicized, followed by a comma. After the website title, include the sponsoring institution or publisher followed by a comma. If the name of the publisher is the same as the name as the website, do not include the publisher information in your citation.
In MLA format, it is not recommended to include duplicate information for a website. Next, state the publication date of the page.
In some cases, a specific date might not be available, and the date published may only be specific to a month or even a year. Provide whatever date information is available. End the citation with the URL. End the entire citation with a period. Looking for an MLA formatter to create your website citations quickly and easily? Our MLA format website creates your citations in just a few clicks. The most basic entry for a journal consists of the author name s , article title, journal name, volume number, issue number, year published, page numbers, name of website or database where the article was found, and URL or Direct Object Identifier DOI.
Snyder, Vivian. Do not capitalize seasons. Most online journal articles have two containers. The first is the journal that the article is in, and the second is the website or database the journal is in. The name should not be abbreviated and should be written exactly as it appears in the journal. For an article written by two authors, list them in the order they appear in the journal. Only the first author's name should be reversed, while the second is written in normal order.
Separate author names by a comma, and place the word "and" before the second author's name. For articles with three or more authors, include the name of the first author in the citation, followed by a comma and the abbreviation "et al. The article title should be placed within quotation marks. Place a period after the article title within the quotation marks, unless the article title ends with a question mark or exclamation mark.
The article title is followed by the name of the journal, which is italicized. Include the volume number of the journal, but use the abbreviation "vol. Use the abbreviation "no. Jones, Robert, et al. Database Life , www. The DOI is comprised of symbols, numbers, and letters. In print or PDF form, the first place to check is the front page of the article. If it is an online article, look for the DOI near the top of the article, at the very end of the article, or wherever citation information is located.
Here are a few examples:. If a DOI for an article exists, place it at the end of the citation. Thomas, Cristina, et al. Blogs can be good sources to use for research papers and projects since many are regularly updated and written by influencers and experts. Blogs can belong to a single individual, a group of people, or a company. Notice in the above example, the date is missing. If there is no date shown on the blog post, omit it from the full citation.
Williams, Lindsay. The most basic entry for a newspaper consists of the author name s , article title, newspaper name, publication date, page numbers, and sometimes a URL if found online. Omit volume numbers, issue numbers, and the names of publishers from newspaper citations. Title of Database , URL.
Hageman, William. The full article title should be placed within quotations. Next, state the name of the newspaper in italics. Towards the end of the citation, include the page numbers on which the article appears with a period. Cite all inclusive page numbers if the article spans pages that are not consecutive, cite only the first page, followed by a plus sign. Also, check out BibMe Plus paper checker, which scans your paper for correct usage of language elements.
Have a determiner out of place in your writing? A pronoun spelled incorrectly? An overused adjective? No worries, BibMe Plus has you covered! The most basic entry for a photograph consists of the photographer's name, the title of the photograph, the title of the book, website, or collection where the photograph can be located, the publisher of the photograph or publication where the image was located, the date the photograph was posted or taken, and the page number, location of the museum such as a city and state , or URL if found online.
Photographer's Last name, First name. Begin with the name of the photographer or main contributor if available. This person's name should be reversed, with a comma placed after the last name and a period after the first name and any middle name. For a photograph taken from a publication or website, include the title of the photograph in quotation marks followed by a period.
If the photograph does not have a formal title, create a description. If you make your own description, only include a capital at the beginning of the description and at the beginning of any proper nouns. Do not place the description in italics or quotation marks. Place the title of the publication in italics immediately following the description, followed by a comma.
Photograph of the Hudson Area Public Library. JMS Collective , 19 Apr. Whichever author comes first, their name will be formatted in Last Name, First name format. King, Stephen and Peter Straub. The Talisman. Viking Press, 8 November Periodicals include articles from either web or print sources, though the former is more common in present day. Note: only include pages if you are quoting from a multi-page source. Author s. Moeslein, Anna.
As an aside, some instructors want you to include the site from which you took your source citation. If that is the case, your citation would be formatted like this:. Accessed 19 July As you can see, we have included the webpage link as well as the date we accessed the content. Note: Month names can be abbreviated e. Months are often abbreviated when the citation is excessively lengthy.
Whichever you choose to use, make sure you keep it consistent throughout your Works Cited page. Although this guide is not exhaustive with every single possible citation formula in MLA that currently exists 8th edition , it provides a comprehensive background on the most common subtypes of MLA citations you are bound to encounter. To keep you on the road toward productivity, view our extensive array of education and learning software to let your thirst for knowledge flourish. Rebecca Reynoso is the Sr.
Prior to working in tech, Rebecca taught English composition at a few colleges and universities in Chicago. Outside of G2, Rebecca freelance edits sales blogs and writes tech content.
Explore Topics Expand your knowledge. Curated Content Your time is valuable. G2 Community Guest Contributor Network. Sales Tech All Topics. MLA Style is a set of standards and guidelines to properly write and format papers. This online guide is designed to help students with several areas of MLA Style including:. Odds are that your instructor wants you to use MLA Style if you are in an English class or other humanities class such as art, literature, etc.
MLA Style creates rules for students to follow when writing and formatting papers. Using MLA Style not only helps your instructors read and understand your work, but the act of creating citations and citing sources helps prevent plagiarism. Plagiarism is when you use a quote, idea, or any other kind of information from a source and present it as your own. If you don't cite your sources then you risk committing plagiarism, which is a serious academic offense that will or can get you expelled from school.
So, to sum up the benefits of using MLA Style:. How do I use this guide? The menu at the left of this guide can be used to learn more about print and electronic resources and how to properly create MLA citations for a Works Cited list.
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