Dentistry Nursing. Ethnic medicine - Aboriginal - Chinese - Mediterran. Acknowledgements: We are most grateful to Dr. Luther C. Hoff, who kindly donated the set of the apothecary scales owned by his father, Pastor Bernhart Friedrich Hoff, at an Aboriginal mission at Koonibba during the 's.
As a Lutheran missionary Pastor Hoff wrote a dictionary translating common Aboriginal words into English and provided most important artefacts for the Museum of South Australia. He also helped the local and visiting doctors by preparing simple medical prescriptions for his community.
The apothecary system is similar to the Troy system of weight measurement. The former is commonly used to weigh medicinal drugs, while the Troy weights are used to weigh coins and metals, such as gold and silver. They differ from the avoirdupois which is used for more substantial weights. The avoirdupois measures have 16 ounces in a pound, the Apothecary and Troy system named after the French town of Troyes have 12 ounces in a pound, and use lighter weights, such as scruples and grains.
Cicero referred to "anxiety and un-easiness". Other definitions include one twenty-fourth of an hour 2 minutes and 30 seconds ; one twenty-fourth of an uncia Latin for "one-twelfth part", and the root of "ounce" and "inch" of a jugerum a common Roman area of land, foot long and wide, 28, square feet of land, thus a 10 foot square area or square feet ; a very small amount, and moral or ethical standard. The measures of mass and volume were most important to early merchants and tradesmen.
The early measures had actual grains of wheat and pebbles for small weights. The avoirdupois imperial system differs mainly to the apothecary system in that the avoirdupois system exclusively measures weight based on a ounces pound versus ounces in the apothecary system.
The metric system milligrams, grams, kilograms, liters now exists in most countries. The US overhauled its system, modelling it after the imperial system, yet changing the definitions of some units like volume. France introduced the metric system in The metric system is a decimal system, making it easier to learn than the non-decimal US system.
Today, pharmacists use combinations of several systems to write, prepare and dispense medications. Between the decline of the Roman Empire and metrication, measure and weight systems varied across Europe depending on the purpose being served. International commerce necessitated the need to adopt and understand weighing and measuring practices used by trading partners.
The apothecaries' weights and normal commercial weights could vary depending on the systems in use. Since by the USP definition one teaspoonful contains 5mL, the dram symbol in this case means 5 ml. The use of such symbols, with dual meanings, should be discouraged. Even more hazardous is the use in the Sig of the apothecary ounce symbol as an abbreviation for the 30 ml or two tablespoonfuls, and the use of the apothecary symbol for one - half ounce as an abbreviation for the 15 ml or one tablespoonful.
In this case, pharmacists have mistakenly interpreted the ounce symbol as an abbreviation for one tablespoonful, giving a dose that is one-half of that which was intended. Note : Values given in brackets are approximations that are often used.
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